Timeline

Key: Cornelia’s life Historical events Religious events Important advances in education Cultural notes
 * __ Timeline __**

Cornelia is born in Philadelphia U.S. population: 7,239,881. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, originally founded by the Congregationalist Church, begins to send Protestant missionaries to foreign countries and Indian tribe s. January: A slave insurrection in Louisiana results in the deaths of some 75 slaves October 5: The Indian leader Tecumseh is killed at the battle of the Thames in Canada, ending his hopes for an Indian confederation resisting American expansion. Francis Cabot Lowell opens the first U.S. factory able to convert raw cotton into cloth using power machinery. May 27: The Creek Chief Red Eagle surrenders to General Andrew Jackson after the battle of Horse Shoe Bend, opening southern and western Alabama to white settlement. August 24: The British avenge an American raid on York, Ontario (now Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, by setting fire to the White House and the Capitol. September 14: Lawyer Francis Scott Key, detained on a British warship, writes "The Star-Spangled Banner," which was destined to become the country's national anthem. December 15-January 1815: Hartford Convention. Federalists call for the repeal of the Three-Fifths compromise; requiring a two-thirds vote for admission of new states and declarations of war; limiting presidents to one terms; and forbidding successive presidents to come from the same state. December 24: A peace treaty ending the War of 1812 is signed at Ghent, Belgium Richard Allen forms the African Methodist Episcopal Church The American Bible Society is founded. December: The American Colonization Society was established to transport free blacks to Africa. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet founds a free public school for the deaf in Hartford, Conn. U.S. population: 9,638,453. The financial Panic of 1819, the country's first major economic depression, produces political division and calls for the democratization of state constitutions and an end to imprisonment for debt. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">February 13. A Firebell in the Night. A political crisis arises when Rep. James Tallmadge of N.Y. proposes an amendment to a bill granting statehood to Missouri. He proposes that all slave children be freed when they reach their 25th birthday and that any further introduction of slaves be barred. <span style="color: #92d050; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">William Ellery Channing's "Unitarian Christianity" sermon lays out the principles of liberal Protestantism. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">U.S. population: 9,638,453. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">March 3: The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. Missouri is admitted as a slave state, and Maine (up to then a part of Massachusetts) is admitted as a free state. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">April 24: The Land Act of 1820 reduces the price of land to $1.25 an acre for a minimum of 80 acres (down from $1.64 per acre for a minimum of 160 acres <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">English writer Sydney Smith asks: "In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue?" <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Emma Hart Willard opens the Troy Female Seminary, the first institution in the United States to offer a high school education for girls. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Stephen F. Austin establishes an American colony in Texas. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The American Colonization Society founds Liberia as a colony for free blacks from the United States. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">December 2: Responding to a fear that Russia would seize control of the Pacific Coast and that European powers would assist Spain in reclaiming its New World colonies, President James Monroe announces what has become known as the Monroe Doctrine. He declares that the Western Hemisphere is closed to further European colonization and threatens to use force to stop further European interventions in the Americas <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">"The Red Harlot of Infidelity," Frances Wright, arrives from Scotland, and lectures publicly on birth control, women's rights, and abolition <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">. <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The Erie Canal opens <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">July 4: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">The first photograph is created in France <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm publish the first African American newspapers, Freedom's Journal. <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Massachusetts enacts the first law requiring every community with 500 or more families to establish a high school. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">April 6: Mexico forbids further U.S. immigration into Texas and reconfirms its constitutional prohibition on slavery. <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Louis Braille publishes his reading system for the blind <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">U.S. population: 12,866,020. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Indian Removal Acts promise financial compensation to Indian tribes that agree to resettle on lands west of the Mississippi River. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">September 25: The first national Negro convention is held in Philadelphia <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">. <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">April 6: Joseph Smith founds the Mormon Church. Married Pierce Connelly (Episcopalian minister) Moved to Natchez, Mississippi Pierce resigned his ministry and the family went to Rome to be received into the Catholic Church Lord Shrewsbury (premier of England and Ireland) took them under his wing Met Borghese family (Gwendaline Shrewsbury was married to their son) Gwendaline (“Angel of Rome”) showed Cornelia around Rome while doing charity work <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">January 1: A 25-year-old Bostonian, William Lloyd Garrison, publishes the first issue of the Liberator, the first publication dedicated to immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. <span style="color: #c00000; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">August 21: Nat Turner, a Baptist preacher, leads a slave insurrection in southern Virginia, which provokes a debate in the Virginia legislature about whether slavery should be abolished. <span style="color: #00b050; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">August: William Miller predicts that the second coming of Christ was imminent and that "cleansing by fire" would occur between March 21, 1843 and March 21, 1844. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">McCormick reaper patented John Henry born Returned to America lived in Grand Coteau. LA, in a cottage called “Gracemere” Pierce taught for the Jesuits** Fin ** Financial panic Martin Van Buren becomes president Underground railroad established Trail of Tears (Indians removed forcefully from their homelands)
 * 1809**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">1810 **
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 * 1831**
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 * 1837**
 * 1838**

Mary Magdalen was born and died two months later John Henry fell into boiling sugar and died 43 hours later Financial depression First bicycle Pierce went on a retreat based on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Cornelia was pregnant with their fifth child Pierce told her he felt called to the priesthood and that she would probably have to become a nun Fifth child – Frank – was born In order for Pierce to become a priest, Cornelia was required to take a vow of chastity Catholic Church saw a need for good Catholic schools to educate converts and Cornelia was considered to be someone who could help meet this need US population = 17,069,453 (black = 2,874,000; free black = 386,000) 2,816 miles of railroad in operation Washington Temperance Society formed William Henry Harrison becomes president; dies after one month John Tyler becomes president after Harrison's death Women granted university degrees for first time Charles Dickens tours the United States; writes //American Notes//, which outrages Americans // A Christmas Carol // published May 24: first telegraph message (Samuel Morse) sent from Washington, DC, to Baltimore, Maryland Mar 3: Florida admitted as a state Mar 4: James K. Polk inaugurated as president Dec 19: Texas admitted as a state Ireland’s potato famine The game of baseball is created Gregory XVI is Pope John Newman becomes a Catholic on the order of Bishop Wiseman Cornelia took charge of a large poor school with a convent attached Cornelia had to send her children away to school Society of the Holy Child Jesus was founded on October 13, 1846 when Cornelia and three companions took up residence in the Derby convent Cornelia began her year of training as a novice Other nuns joined her and taught night, day, and Sunday school Pierce began to consider himself the co-founder of the young society** Oct 16: Gilbert Ab ** Dec 28: Iowa admitted as a state Donner Party trapped in the mountains First American to be operated on under anaesthetic (ether) Neptune discovered by Johann Galle, Germany Howe develops sewing machine Pius IX elected Pope Pierce came to see Cornelia, but she told him he should not have done so without Bishop Wiseman’s permission Pierce went to the children’s’ schools and took them abroad without the permission of their mother Pierce went to Rome and presented the “rule” for the society Cornelia presented her rule later (without knowing Pierce had submitted one of his own) Pierce went back to see Cornelia, but she refused to see him until he brought the children back The Society could not meet the debts on the buildings and needed to find a new home They moved to a property at St. Leonard’s on the Sea Mormons found Salt Lake City Opening of St-Leonards’s-on-the-Sea War between US & Mexico Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill, in California May 29: Wisconsin admitted as a state Cholera epidemic in Europe Mar 31: Spirits rap out messages in the presence of Margaretta & Katherine Fox, of Hydesville Village, New York, & Spiritualism sweeps the US Seneca Falls suffrage meeting
 * 1839**
 * 1840**
 * 1841**
 * 1842**
 * 1843**
 * 1844**
 * 1845**
 * 1846**
 * 1847**
 * 1848**

Cornelia was sued by Pierce for restoration of conjugal rights Court ruled in favor of Pierce, but Cornelia appealed Zachary Taylor becomes president Cholera epidemic sweeps South Minnesota established as a territory
 * 1849**


 * 1850**

US pop = 23,191,876 (black = 3,639,000; free black = 435,000) Cholera epidemic sweeps Midwest Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes president Sept 9: California admitted as free state Sept 18: Fugitive Slave Bill passed

Taiping Rebellion in China Sept 11: Jenny Lind gives first performance in the US -1852

Judicial Committee reversed the 1849 court decision and sent it back for retrial Pierce dropped the case because he ran out of money Cornelia paid the cost to keep him out of prison Boston, Massachusetts -- mob rescues fugitive slave May 15: Erie Railroad opens // Uncle Tom's Cabin //, Harriet Beecher Stowe Mercer died in New Orleans Pierce settled in Florence as rector of an Episcopalian Church and Adeline kept house for him Cornelia sent sisters to staff poor schools in London, Preston, and Blackpool Yellow fever epidemic rages in Louisiana and Mississippi until 1855 Railroad goes from New York to Chicago Mar 4: Franklin Pierce inaugurated as president Crimean War begins Boston Public Library opens Violence in Kansas by both pro- and anti-slavery factions Mar 4: James Buchanan inaugurated as president Mar 6: Dred Scott case decided Aug 24: financial panic May 11: Minnesota admitted as a state Aug 5: laying of Transatlantic Cable finished Aug 16: first message sent via Transatlantic Cable Oct 9: first cross-country mail delivery Religious revival sweeps the nation Oregon admitted as state (US has 33 states)Oct 16: John Brown seizes arsenal at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia (former //Museum// subscriber R. W. North is member of militia that captures him) Dec 2: John Brown hanged 50% of US workforce is under the age of 10 US population = 31,443,321 (black = 4,442,000; free black = 488,000) Pony Express Nov 6: Abraham Lincoln wins presidential election Dec 20: South Carolina secedes from the Union Southern states secede from the Union:Jan 9: Mississippi;Jan 10: Florida;Jan 11: Alabama;Jan 19: Georgia;Jan 26: Louisiana Jan 29: Kansas admitted as a free state Feb 4: Confederate States of America formed Feb 18: Jefferson Davis becomes president of Confederacy Mar 4: Abraham Lincoln becomes president of Union CIVIL WAR BEGINS
 * 1851**
 * 1852**
 * 1853**
 * 1856**
 * 1857**
 * 1858**
 * 1859**
 * 1860**
 * 1861**

April 12-13: Fort Sumter, South Carolina, standing against Confederacy, is fired on until it is surrendered April 17: Virginia secedes from the Union April 19: blockade of Southern ports ordered More states secede: May 6: Arkansas; May 20: North Carolina; June 8: Tennessee Union Congress proposes income tax

built a convent and school out of an old palace in Mayfield, England SHCJ arrive in USA Pasteur’s experiments lead to germ theory
 * 1862**

//Book of Studies// published
 * 1863**

Free delivery of mail in cities established Jan 1: Emancipation Proclamation takes effect June 20: West Virginia admitted to the Union


 * 1864**

Oct 31: Nevada admitted as a state

Mar 4: Abraham Lincoln inaugurated for second term CIVIL WAR ENDS April 9: General Robert E. Lee capitulates to General Ulysses S. Grant April 14: Abraham Lincoln assassinated April 15: Andrew Johnson inaugurated as president Dec 13: 13th amendment adopted Cholera epidemic ravages several cities 14th amendment adopted
 * 1865**
 * 1866**
 * 1867**

US purchases Alaska from Russia: $7,200,000 Mar 1: Nebraska admitted as a state Dec 2: Charles Dickens gives his first reading during his second tour of the US

Transcontinental Railroad completed Mar 4: Ulysses S. Grant becomes president
 * 1869**

Wyoming Territory gives women the right to vote

US population = 39,818,449 Jan 26: Virginia readmitted to the Union Feb 23: Mississippi readmitted to the Union Mar 30: Texas readmitted to the Union
 * 1870**

15th amendment adopted

Oct 8-11: [|Chicago Fire] one of several in drought-dried Midwest
 * 1871**

Yellowstone National Park created
 * 1872**


 * 1876**

Telephone

Great Railroad Strike is the world’s first nationwide strike
 * 1877**

Cornelia died Electric lights
 * 1879**


 * 1883**

Pierce died Adeline reconciled with the church Frank never returned to the church "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published. rule approved
 * 1885**
 * 1887**

Sources: [|www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/chron19.cfm] [|www.eyewitnessforhistory.com/19ftm.htm] //Cornelia Connelly 1809-1879: Foundress Society of the Holy Child Jesus// (published by the Society of the Holy Child Jesus American Province)